Lower-thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) quantities: current status of measuring techniques and models

Abstract. The lower-thermosphere–ionosphere (LTI) system consists of the upper atmosphere and lower part ionosphere as such comprises a complex coupled to both below space above. atmospheric LTI is dominated by laws continuum fluid dynamics chemistry, while plasma controlled electromagnetic forces driven magnetosphere, solar wind, well wind dynamo. hence domain many different physical processes. However, systematic in situ measurements within this region are severely lacking, although located only 80 200 km above surface our planet. This paper reviews current state art measuring LTI, either or several remote-sensing methods. We begin outlining open questions requiring high-quality measurements, before reviewing directly observable parameters their most important derivatives. motivation for review has arisen from recent retention Daedalus mission one among three competing candidates European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Explorer 10 Programme. intends cover that it can be used background scientific reference any targeting observations LTI.